Belgium įollowing the Belgian Revolution from 1830 to 1831 and the subsequent establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Leopold I and his successors have never been crowned in a coronation rite. The Bavarian monarchy was abolished in 1918. Rather, it was placed on a cushion at his feet when displayed on occasions. However, there was no coronation ceremony, and the king never wore the crown in public. The former Duke of Bavaria, who then became King of Bavaria, Maximilian I, commissioned a set of crown jewels to commemorate Bavaria's elevation. In 1806, the German duchy of Bavaria was raised to the status of a 'kingdom'. Ferdinand I was crowned as King of Hungary with the Crown of Saint Stephen in 1830, as King of Bohemia with the Crown of Saint Wenceslas in 1836, and as King of Lombardy and Venetia with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in 1838.Īfter the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Emperors of Austria were only crowned as King of Hungary (again with the Crown of Saint Stephen): Franz-Joseph I in 1867 and Charles I (as Charles IV of Hungary) in 1916. However, they were crowned in some of the kingdoms within the Austrian Empire. Zog was forced into exile by Italian invaders in 1939, and the monarchy was formally abolished in 1945.Įmperors of Austria were never crowned (unlike their predecessors in the Holy Roman Empire), as a coronation was not viewed as being necessary to legitimize their rule in that country. Europe's only Muslim king swore a required constitutional oath on the Bible and the Qur'an, symbolizing his desire to unify his country. His coronation attire included rose-colored breeches, gold spurs, and a gold crown weighing seven pounds ten ounces (3.5 kg). King Zog I, self-proclaimed monarch of Albania, was ritually crowned on 1 September 1928.

Most monarchies today only require a simple oath to be taken in the presence of the country's legislature.

Norway and Denmark) or have never practised coronations (e.g. Other European monarchies have either replaced coronations with simpler ceremonies to mark an accession (e.g. The United Kingdom is the only monarchy in Europe that still practises coronation. Coronation of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in 1896 Coronation of Pope Celestine VĬoronations were previously held in the monarchies of Europe.

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